![]() Research demonstrates that constraining people within public and private spheres of life due to norms and roles not only harms individuals, but also compromises economic development, political governance, and climate action at a national scale. Norms may encourage men to behave harmfully through greater substance use or unsafe occupations (e.g., workers in the mining industry in developing countries often fall under the informal sector where labor and safety laws are either non-existent or lax) that increase their risk for pre-mature mortality. Among women, for example, these norms can restrict employment opportunity and disproportionately burden them with household responsibilities, affecting reproductive autonomy and health care access. ![]() įunding: Tarun Jain received funding for this study through the Evidence-based Measures of Empowerment for Research on Gender Equality (EMERGE) Project at University of California San Diego (BMGF OPP 1163682 OPP1163682), and the International Growth Centre.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ī growing body of research from different settings demonstrates that gender norms and roles-the range of socially constructed behaviors and attitudes expected and even required for people based on their sex-harm the health and well-being of females, males, and those outside of the gender binary. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data and files required for replication are posted in a public repository. Received: JAccepted: FebruPublished: June 16, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Jain et al. PLoS ONE 17(6):Įditor: Camelia Delcea, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, ROMANIA Citation: Jain T, Dhar D, Kapoor V, Kapur V, Raj A (2022) Measuring gender attitudes: Developing and testing Implicit Association Tests for adolescents in India.
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